Case Studies with Measurements: Before and After

Documented Case Studies: Measurements Before and After

How these cases were documented

All information on this page comes from actual installations. The wall surface temperature at the mould-affected area, the relative humidity in the room and the room temperature were measured at the beginning and again after two and five weeks.

On the first floor, mould also appeared on the slope-facing side of the building, in the corners near the floor above the skirting boards.

This pattern of damage indicates leaks in the moisture barrier or concrete wall facing the slope. During rainfall, water is forced down the slope towards the house, penetrates the building structure and saturates the ground floor and the lower section of the first floor. The existing slope drainage system may also be blocked, preventing the water from draining away to the sides. As a result, moisture may have been pressing against the wall for years without being able to dry between wet periods.

The visible moisture in the garage supports this explanation. The floor is also damp, indicating that so much moisture has accumulated behind and beneath the house that it is being forced upwards.

The same problem affects the self-contained flat. It is no longer occupied and has therefore not been heated. Previously, it was heated by the oil-fired central heating system, supported by a tiled stove. The radiant heat from the tiled stove and the heating system, which maintained a temperature of 25°C, dried the seeping moisture sufficiently at the surface to prevent mould from forming. As a result, the underlying problem went unnoticed.

The cellar rooms are free from moisture because they were originally constructed as a waterproof tanked structure due to the presence of a large oil tank. Moisture entering from the slope and through the ground was therefore unable to penetrate these rooms.

Conclusion

Any attempt to dry the wall using heat can only have a superficial effect in this case and will not resolve the continuing ingress of weather-related moisture. The wall facing the slope must be excavated, the drainage system renewed or cleaned, and the wall resealed down to the foundations.

Case 1

Bedroom on the first floor, 18 m², with a ceiling height of 2.7 m. The north-facing wall corner and the west-facing corner are damp. The property is situated on a north-facing slope.

Measurement
Day 0
Week 2
Week 5
Wall surface temperature
16 °C
17 °C
19 °C
Relative humidity in room
50 %
53 %
50 %
Room temperature
21 °C
22 °C
22 °C
Dew point (calculated)
10 °C
12 °C
11,4 °C
Starting situation

Bedroom on the first floor, 18 m², with a ceiling height of 2.7 m. The north-facing wall corner and the west-facing corner are damp. The property is situated on a wooded, north-facing slope.

Starting from the corner, the paint is flaking over an area extending approximately 80 cm to the west and 250 cm to the north. A reading of 60 digits was recorded using a surface moisture meter. The moisture is also visible as slight darkening of the wall, with light mould growth above the skirting boards and in the corner.

The problem occurs mainly in spring and autumn. It becomes less visible during summer and in winter, when temperatures fall below freezing and the room is heated intensively.

Configuration

Three Mould-DRY modules are used: two on the north wall and one on the west wall. The modules are mounted horizontally approximately 15 cm above the floor and 10 cm from the corner. On the north wall, there is a distance of approximately 40 cm between the two modules. They operate continuously, 24 hours a day, from January to April and from September to December.

After two weeks, the moisture level in the wall begins to decrease. Capillary action draws the moisture towards the warm area behind the modules, where it evaporates. A reduction in moisture can already be measured approximately 2 m away. At a distance of around 1 m, the moisture level remains unchanged, while it is slightly higher within approximately 20 cm of the modules.

Result

The problem has now been completely resolved. The mould growth was washed away, and the areas of flaking paint were repainted. For prevention and continued deep drying, the modules remain in continuous operation throughout the heating season. The user will test interval operation using a timer and continue to measure the wall moisture regularly. This will help determine the amount of heat required to maintain sufficient drying while using as little energy as possible.

In this case, the moisture occurs mainly during months with heavier rainfall. As the house is situated on a north-facing slope and shaded by woodland, the affected walls receive very little solar heat. Rainwater therefore takes a long time to dry and places additional strain on the foundations. Wall moisture and even more severe mould growth are also present in the ground-floor flat.

The targeted heat supplied by the Mould-DRY modules allows the moisture to evaporate slowly into the room. This can cause a slight short-term increase in humidity, which is balanced by daily ventilation.

In this case, the room temperature and humidity are not the primary cause. The main problem is moisture that has penetrated the uninsulated brick wall from outside over several years. Continuous drying during the critical seasons gradually reduces the wall moisture. After two months, the surface had dried sufficiently to prevent renewed mould growth, and the result in this room was already satisfactory.

Case 2

This is an entrance porch added as an extension to a detached house. All three external walls are severely affected by mould.

Measurement
Day 0
Week 2
Week 5
Wall surface temperature
10 °C
13 °C
16 °C
Relative humidity in room
70 %
60 %
55 %
Room temperature
11 °C
16 °C
19 °C
Dew point (calculated)
5,7 °C
8,2 °C
9,75 °C
Starting situation

This is an entrance porch added as an extension to a detached house. All three external walls are severely affected by mould. The room is unheated, and its external walls are built from uninsulated concrete blocks.

The mould problem returns regularly during the colder months. Washing and repainting the walls only helps during the warmer season; the mould returns when the heating season begins.

Configuration

This is an entrance porch added as an extension to a detached house. All three external walls are severely affected by mould. The room is unheated, and its external walls are built from uninsulated concrete blocks.

The mould problem returns regularly during the colder months. Washing and repainting the walls only helps during the warmer season; the mould returns when the heating season begins.

The room measures only 2.5 × 1.5 m (3.75 m²) and has a ceiling height of 2.4 m. The mould growth is severe.

The customer positioned two modules on the 1.5 m wall, three modules on the 2.5 m wall and one module vertically between the corner and the front door, approximately 20 cm above the floor.

With a combined heating output of approximately 300 watts, the modules not only dry the walls directly but also provide sufficient space heating, increasing the temperature in the otherwise unheated room. As the walls become drier, the insulating properties of the highly heat-conductive concrete-block walls also improve.

After approximately three months of continuous operation, the customer began controlling the heating elements using a simple plug-in thermostat set to 19°C. Once the walls are dry enough to absorb less heat, the 300-watt heating output raises the room temperature, and the thermostat switches the elements off when the set temperature is reached.

Result

The result is a gradual drying process through capillary action, which takes approximately one heating season from September to April.

By maintaining a higher room temperature within 5°C of the approximately 23°C temperature in the heated living areas, renewed condensation is prevented. Moisture previously entered the entrance porch whenever the connecting door to the living area was opened and then condensed on the cold walls.

To maintain the result, the entrance porch must continue to be heated from September to April. Adding external insulation to the extension could further reduce the energy required.

As the dry walls warm up more quickly and absorb less heat, the desired room temperature is reached sooner. The heating elements will therefore switch off earlier during subsequent heating seasons.

Case 3

Cellar room in the corner of an older building, measuring 4.1 × 3.4 m (14 m²). The external walls are 60 cm thick and constructed from a concrete and stone mixture. The room has a concrete floor and a ceiling height of approximately 2.2 m.

Measurement
Day 0
Week 2
Week 5
Wall surface temperature
14 °C
14 °C
15 °C
Relative humidity in room
65 %
70 %
63 %
Room temperature
15,5 °C
17 °C
18,5 °C
Dew point (calculated)
9 °C
11,5 °C
11,3 °C
Starting situation

Cellar room in the corner of an older building, measuring 4.1 × 3.4 m (14 m²). The external walls are 60 cm thick and constructed from a concrete and stone mixture. The room has a concrete floor and a ceiling height of approximately 2.2 m.

There is some rising damp and significant condensation on the walls due to insufficient ventilation. Mould occurs more frequently during the warmer months, but only on the external walls.

Configuration

The customer installed four modules along the longer external wall (4.1 m) and three modules along the shorter wall (3.4 m).

The mould growth is moderate. The modules operated continuously throughout the observation period from June to September, for just under four months.

Using the stands, the modules were positioned close to the walls to direct heat into the damp masonry. During the night, the narrow high-level cellar windows were opened to provide ventilation with cool fresh air. The cellar door was also left open at night to allow the rising warm air to escape upwards.

Result

Initially, the humidity in the room increased as moisture evaporated from the wall behind the heating elements. As the wall gradually dried and its temperature increased, less moisture from the room air condensed on the cool surfaces.

After five weeks, the results were not yet significant, as cellars in older buildings can store large amounts of moisture. When the room was inspected in September, the wall temperature had reached 17°C and the relative humidity had fallen to 55%. As the humidity in this house drops below 45% during winter, the problem is less noticeable in winter than in summer.

Ventilating at night is more effective than during the day. During the daytime, the cellar can become saturated with warm, humid air. At night, the cooler temperatures allow this air to be replaced with cooler, less humid air.

A dehumidifier can provide additional support by removing moisture from the cellar air. However, ventilation is not effective on very hot and humid summer nights. In this situation, it is better to wait until the air cools or use a dehumidifier that collects the extracted water.

Heating with the Mould-DRY modules is still required to remove moisture held within the wall through capillary action.

Borderline case

Fall 4: Grenzfall – Dieser Fall dokumentiert bewusst einen Einsatz, der nicht zum gewünschten Ergebnis geführt hat. 

The house was built into a hillside in the 1980s. The ground floor contains a garage, a now-unoccupied self-contained flat and two cellar rooms. The first-floor flat is still approximately 80% below the level of the slope at the rear of the building. Above this is a second-floor flat, followed by the loft.

The mould problem occurs mainly in the garage and self-contained flat on the ground floor, as well as on the slope-facing side of the first floor. The two cellar rooms are not affected.

For several years, the garage floor has become damp following heavy rainfall. On the slope-facing side of the self-contained flat, the parquet flooring and walls show mildew stains and light to moderate mould growth. These problems have developed since the flat became vacant. No moisture problem was noticeable while the flat was occupied, although damp had already been present in the garage for several years.

Neither cellar room shows signs of mould. This includes the rear room facing the slope, which was formerly used to house the oil-heating tank.

Mould has also appeared on the first floor, on the slope-facing side of the building, in the corners near the floor above the skirting boards.

This pattern of damage indicates leaks in the moisture barrier or concrete wall facing the slope. During rainfall, water is forced down the slope towards the house, penetrates the building structure and saturates the ground floor and the lower section of the first floor. The existing slope drainage system may also be blocked, preventing water from draining away to the sides. As a result, moisture may have been pressing against the wall for years without being able to dry between wet periods.

The visible moisture in the garage supports this explanation. The floor is also damp, indicating that so much moisture has accumulated behind and beneath the house that it is being forced upwards.

The same problem affects the self-contained flat. Since it became vacant, it has no longer been heated. Previously, it was heated by the oil-fired central heating system, supported by a tiled stove. The radiant heat from the tiled stove and the heating system, which maintained a temperature of 25°C, dried the seeping moisture sufficiently at the surface to prevent mould from forming. The underlying problem therefore went unnoticed.

The cellar rooms remain free from moisture because they were originally constructed as a waterproof tanked structure due to the presence of a large oil tank. Moisture entering from the slope and through the ground was therefore unable to penetrate these rooms.

Conclusion

Any attempt to dry the walls using heat can only have a superficial effect in this case and will not resolve the continuing ingress of weather-related moisture. The wall facing the slope must be excavated, the drainage system renewed or cleaned, and the wall resealed down to the foundations.

This case shows why the underlying cause must be identified before purchasing the system.

FAQ

Frequently asked questions & answers

How quickly can a change be observed?
  • Based on Cases 1–3, the typical period before the first measurable change in surface temperature is approximately 2–5 weeks.
Were all cases completed successfully?
  • No. Case 4 documents an application in which the actual source of moisture required structural repairs.
How were the measurements taken?
  • A surface wall-moisture meter generates an electromagnetic field through a spherical sensor that penetrates approximately 4–5 cm into the wall. It measures the electrical resistance and displays the result in “digits”. Readings above 60 digits are considered damp, while readings below 40 digits are considered dry.

As electrical resistance also depends on the building material, there is no universally applicable scale. The important factor is the difference between successive readings. Measure the entire affected wall at intervals of 50 cm, working from side to side and from bottom to top, and record the moisture readings.

After installing Mould-DRY, take measurements approximately once a week. For very damp walls, measurements every two to three weeks are sufficient, as changes occur more slowly.

Compare the readings taken at the same measuring points. A decrease indicates that the wall is becoming drier at that point. An increase may indicate that heat is drawing moisture from deeper within the wall towards the surface or from the upper part of the wall downwards. This is normal and will decrease once the moisture has fully left the wall.

To measure the wall’s surface temperature, hold an infrared surface thermometer at a right angle to the wall and aim the red laser point at the measuring area.

A damp wall is difficult to warm because moisture carries the heat away and allows the cold from outside to reach the inner surface. The difference between the room temperature and the wall temperature can therefore provide an indication of the wall’s moisture level. The damper the wall, the poorer its insulation performance.

Mould-DRY uses infrared heat to dry the wall directly. This removes the moisture mould needs to survive while also improving the wall’s insulation performance. The better the insulation performance, the smaller the difference between the wall and room temperatures.

In a room heated by a sufficiently powerful infrared heating system, the difference between the room temperature and the wall temperature can be as little as 0.5°C throughout the room once the wall has dried completely. Under these conditions, the room can be heated with the lowest possible energy requirement.

Mould-DRY is designed to dry walls using as little energy as possible, not to heat entire rooms. A comparable increase in the wall temperature can therefore only be expected if the room is also heated by an adequately rated infrared space-heating system.

With conventional convection, underfloor or panel heating systems, the difference between the wall and room temperatures is typically between 3°C and 5°C, even when the walls are dry and adequately insulated. The precise difference depends on the building material.

Humidity measurements taken with a hygrometer can indicate that drying is in progress. Increased humidity may mean that moisture is leaving the wall and entering the room. The room should then be ventilated daily to maintain an average relative humidity of approximately 50%.

High humidity caused by weather conditions increases the risk of condensation on the wall. The higher the humidity, the smaller the temperature difference required between the wall and room air for condensation to form. At 50% relative humidity, a difference of approximately 5°C is required; at 70% relative humidity, a difference of just 3°C may be sufficient.

Are these cases representative?

These are individual cases under specific conditions. Wall construction, room usage and the outdoor climate all influence the result.

Are these cases representative?
  • These are individual cases under specific conditions. Wall construction, room usage and the outdoor climate all influence the result.
No matching question found.

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